Bacterial infections and biofilm-associated complications pose significant global health challenges, exacerbated by antibiotic overuse and multidrug-resistant strains. In this review, we commence by delving into the processes of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Subsequently, we elaborate on the mechanisms underlying passive antibacterial adhesion-resistant surfaces and active sterilization materials. Finally, we introduce the application potential of multi-mechanism synergistic and intelligent-responsive antimicrobial materials in the biomedical field. This study systematically explores the design principles and performance optimization strategies of antimicrobial materials. It offers theoretical guidance for the development of a new generation of antimicrobial materials with improved efficacy and safety.
Zhang et al. (2025) studied this question.