The Nervous System Adaptation Model (NSAM): A Systems Neuroscience Framework for Understanding Neurodivergent Regulation Patterns

Neurodivergent conditions are often described by behaviours and genetics. The NervousSystem Adaptation Model (NSAM) reframes them as adaptive responses to early mismatchbetween autonomic and cortical signals. In development, dysregulated autonomic outputsforce the cortex to improvise strategies—such as stimming, masking or intense interests—to stabilise the body–brain coupling; repeated use reinforces these strategies intopreferences and personality. This master edition updates NSAM in three ways. First,research on the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) suggests that this junction of parietal,temporal and frontal lobes enables decoupling of one’s own feelings from those of others;when rSMG engagement is weak or decisions are rushed, empathy declines andindividuals project their state onto others. We propose that rSMG dysfunction amplifiesautonomic–cortical mismatch by distorting social feedback. Second, the maternal off-ramping hypothesis emphasises that early parent–infant co-regulation depends on mutualadaptation across biological and behavioural levels. A stressed caregiver or weak rSMGcoupling may cause mothers to withdraw from co-regulation, forcing the infant to self-soothe prematurely and creating chronic mismatch. Third, we outline signal chaincorrection strategies: interventions such as sensory integration, vagal stimulation, heart-rate variability (HRV) biofeedback and cognitive reappraisal that target specific links—fromsomatic inputs to cortical interpretation—to restore coherence. These additions underscorethat neurodivergence arises from dynamic regulation patterns, and that supporting theentire signal chain offers a compassionate pathway to well-being.