Comprehensive Developments in Targeted Drug Delivery Using Liposomes Nanoparticles and Vesicular Systems

Targeted drug delivery systems have progressed from basic liposomal carriers of the past to cutting-edge nanocarriers and microrobotic platforms with precise high precision navigation and controlled release. The present article is an elaborate review of the fundamental design principles, classification, and mode of action of liposomes and new developments in nanoparticle-based delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanocarriers, and hybrid lipid-polymer platforms. Less complex vesicular delivery systems, such as proniosomes and pH-sensitive carriers, are described in terms of enhanced stability, bioavailability, and patient compliance. Bioinspired carriers, specifically extracellular vesicles, possess inherent targeting competency and immune tolerability, and hybrid methods and plant-derived molecules offer additional therapeutic modes. Insertion of magnetic microrobots and programable lipid nanoparticles introduces an active and autonomous dimension to drug delivery with target spatial and temporal control. But their evolution into a clinical product entails overcoming stability, mass production, regulatory approval, and long-term safety. In the future, the union of artificial intelligence, real-time biosensing, and adaptive smart carriers promises the emergence of a new generation of personalized nanomedicine. The review highlights the interdisciplinarity of the area and encourages consideration to the revolutionary promise of developing next-generation targeted drug delivery systems by uniting biomimicry, engineering, and computational intelligence.