During the Republic of China period, under the dual influence of Western cultural input and social ideological liberation, the compilation and implementation of women's physical education textbooks became a key factor in promoting women's physical liberation and social change. This study focuses on women's physical education textbooks, aiming to explore their dual role in the development of women's sports: on the one hand, textbooks closely link sports with patriotic consciousness through nationalist discourses such as "healthy women defending the country"; on the other hand, the systematic curriculum system based on textbooks and the establishment of professional colleges such as women's physical education normal schools have promoted the large-scale development of women's physical education and triggered deep-seated social changes. Women's physical education textbooks during the Republic of China period were not only a medium for the transmission of sports skills, but also a reflection of the transformation of gender concepts - its scientific transformation of traditional body concepts and health discourse promoted the transformation of women from "disciplined objects" to "autonomous and healthy subjects", providing a unique gender practice path for social change.
Zhong et al. (2025) studied this question.