Background: Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare malignant tumor of the sinonasal cavity, often presenting with nonspecific symptoms and requiring complex multidisciplinary management. Case Description: A 55-year-old male developed progressive anosmia and recurrent epistaxis. Imaging revealed an invasive lesion involving the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and intracranial space, along with cervical lymph node metastases. Diagnosis was confirmed histologically. Patient underwent craniofacial approach, cervical lymphadenectomy, and adjuvant radiotherapy. Despite aggressive treatment, early recurrence occurred in both nasal and intracranial compartments. With curative options exhausted, the patient was transitioned to palliative care. Conclusion: ONB has a high risk of recurrence, typically occurring years after initial treatment. However, early recurrence, as seen in this case, is rare and associated with aggressive tumor features such as high-grade histology and incomplete resection. These cases present significant therapeutic challenges and underscore the importance of close surveillance and further research into optimal management strategies for early recurrent ONB.
Roman et al. (2025) studied this question.