This study provides a comparative analysis of three instructional design models—ADDIE, SAM, and Dick & Carey in the context of online course design. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of these models across different learning environments, including synchronous, asynchronous, and blended learning. A meta-analysis methodology was employed, reviewing articles published between 2010 and 2023. Data were collected through a systematic literature review of studies focused on applying these models in online education, and analyzed using statistical tools such as effect size and variance analysis. Results indicate that the ADDIE model excels in asynchronous learning environments due to its structured, linear approach. In contrast, the SAM model proves more effective in synchronous settings where adaptability and rapid prototyping are crucial. The Dick & Carey model is particularly well-suited for blended learning environments due to its comprehensive and detailed instructional design process. The findings of this research offer practical insights for instructional designers and educators in selecting the most appropriate model based on course objectives and the specific learning context. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for a tailored approach to instructional design, recommending further research into emerging technologies like AI and adaptive learning.
OMOREGIE et al. (2025) studied this question.