Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a class of synthetic chemicals characterized by their resistance to heat, water, and oil, making them invaluable across various industries. Despite their utility, these chemicals pose significant environmental and public health risks because of their durability and resistance to degradation. PFASs are highly persistent in the environment, leading to accumulation in water systems, wildlife, and humans, potentially causing various health issues, including cancer, developmental delays, and immune system disorders. Their ability to bioaccumulate and travel through water systems makes them a concern for drinking water contamination and food chain exposure. The global distribution of PFASs, even reaching remote areas, highlights their pervasive nature. This review paper aims to address challenges in PFAS regulation, as well as the environmental and health damages they cause. Exploring the nuances of PFAS regulation is crucial, since there are numerous types of PFASs, each with different industrial and consumer applications, impacts, and risks. A blanket ban on all PFASs is not feasible due to their varied uses and the complexity of their impacts. Instead, it is necessary to create a targeted and refined regulatory approach that considers the specific characteristics and uses of different PFASs—promoting safer alternatives where possible and necessary. Effectively addressing the pervasive presence and damage of PFAS will require a holistic strategy encompassing public education, appropriate restrictions, innovation in safer alternatives, and a commitment to circular economy principles to mitigate their impact on both public safety and the environment.
Trivedi et al. (2024) studied this question.