The essay explores the origins and impacts of indentured servitude, focusing on British colonial policies implemented in India and China. The findings indicate that the servants originated in India and were contracted by British masters. Beginning with the British influence in India in the 1600s, the essay examines how economic and legal changes under British rule, such as the Permanent Settlement of Bengal and the shift to cash crop cultivation, worsened by severe droughts and famines, created a vulnerable population due to uncontrollable circumstances. Similarly, the aftermath of the Opium War in China and the economic consequences of British trade policies led to widespread poverty, pushing many towards indentured labor. These factors combined to produce a large-scale migration of Indian and Chinese laborers under harsh and exploitative conditions. Moreover, the essay compares indentured servitude to slavery, noting the differences in voluntariness and legal status but highlighting similar abuses and dehumanization. It discusses the severe working conditions, manipulation through contracts, and the socio-economic impacts on global migration patterns, with millions of Indians and Chinese forming significant diasporas. The abolition of indentured servitude, driven by labor movements and legal reforms like the Robin v. Hardaway case, marked a significant shift that promoted economic development, social mobility, and labor rights. The essay emphasizes the resilience of these laborers and their enduring struggle for justice and equality.
Vanshika Jain (2024) studied this question.