Teachers apply various learning theories that are appropriate for efficient and effective learning management. can be used as a guideline to enhance a learning process that develops thinking and responds to the interests and needs of individual learners. This article synthesises some key features of constructionism as a guiding framework for design thinking, integrating Bloom’s Taxonomy to structure educational objectives in an inclusive setting and progress to the learner’s higher-order thinking skills. A more varied design for teachers integrates technology- based learning, especially in an online learning context. It also proposes some applicable models and processes as practical guidelines for instructional design to support learners’ learning environments and develop core competencies to support cognitive process, learn through experiences, improve social interactions to aid learning, build on prior knowledge using linear stages. A structured and well-designed approach will actively prepare learners with varied learning preferences for 21st century skills and beyond.
Shaikh et al. (2025) studied this question.