In 2014, NASA measured with high precision that the universal space has an Euclidean shape. This result is a challenge for new models of gravity and bending of light that challenge General Relativity. We developed a mathematical model where we extend the mass-energy equivalence principle to universal space. We gave universal space the physical property of the variable energy density. Our model elegantly describes gravity as the pushing force of space and the bending of light as a result of the changed refractive index due to the changed variable energy density of space when light moves closer or away from the stellar object.
Šorli et al. (2025) studied this question.