This article discusses the dynamic transformation of Islamic religious education in Indonesia from its informal roots in the 13th century to its current formal integration in the national education system. This study aims to analyze the historical trajectory and contemporary developments of IRE, highlighting its adaptability to socio-political, cultural, and technological changes while preserving Islamic values. The research is grounded in historical and policy analysis, utilizing a qualitative methodology based on document review and literature synthesis. The study reveals that IRE has evolved through various phases—pre-colonial, colonial, post-independence, New Order, and Reformasi—each marked by distinct educational policies and institutional reforms. Key milestones include the formal recognition of madrasahs, the integration of religious education into public schooling, and the establishment of Islamic higher education institutions. Theoretical frameworks on educational modernization and religious pedagogy underpin the analysis, emphasizing the balance between tradition and innovation. The findings indicate that IRE in Indonesia has successfully integrated religious and general knowledge, adapted curricula to global challenges, and promoted religious moderation. The study contributes to educational policy discourse by offering strategic recommendations for enhancing teacher professionalism, curriculum relevance, and technological integration in Islamic education. Overall, this research underscores the strategic role of IRE in shaping morally grounded and intellectually competent generations in Indonesia.
Kurniawati et al. (2025) studied this question.