Abstract Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as promising photovoltaic technologies owing to their remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE). However, heat accumulation under continuous illumination remains a critical bottleneck, severely affecting device stability and long-term operational performance. Herein, we present a multifunctional strategy by incorporating highly thermally conductive Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene nanosheets into the perovskite layer to simultaneously enhance thermal management and optoelectronic properties. The Ti 3 C 2 T X nanosheets, embedded at perovskite grain boundaries, construct efficient thermal conduction pathways, significantly improving the thermal conductivity and diffusivity of the film. This leads to a notable reduction in the device’s steady-state operating temperature from 42.96 to 39.97 °C under 100 mW cm −2 illumination, thereby alleviating heat-induced performance degradation. Beyond thermal regulation, Ti 3 C 2 T X , with high conductivity and negatively charged surface terminations, also serves as an effective defect passivation agent, reducing trap-assisted recombination, while simultaneously facilitating charge extraction and transport by optimizing interfacial energy alignment. As a result, the Ti 3 C 2 T X -modified PSC achieve a champion PCE of 25.13% and exhibit outstanding thermal stability, retaining 80% of the initial PCE after 500 h of thermal aging at 85 °C and 30 ± 5% relative humidity. (In contrast, control PSC retain only 58% after 200 h.) Moreover, under continuous maximum power point tracking in N 2 atmosphere, Ti 3 C 2 T X -modified PSC retained 70% of the initial PCE after 500 h, whereas the control PSC drop sharply to 20%. These findings highlight the synergistic role of Ti 3 C 2 T X in thermal management and optoelectronic performance, paving the way for the development of high-efficiency and heat-resistant perovskite photovoltaics.
Wan et al. (2025) studied this question.