A convection heat transfer from the surface of solid particle to fluid is simulated by a novel Thermal Lattice Boltzmann Method. Fluidsolid interactions and heat transfer between them are simulated based on External Boundary Force (EBF) method in which momentum transfer and heat exchange at the solid interface is obtained using some interpolation functions. This method can simulate heat transfer from a moving particle in fluid flow as well as particulate flows with many particles. It is also a computationally efficient method as all computations are done on a regular uniform lattice without the need to change/revise it. The results of convection heat transfer from stationary circular cylinder in a uniform fluid flow in the form of local and average Nusselt numbers show good accuracy of the current method.
Parvan et al. (2025) studied this question.