Advances in Pharmacological Properties, Molecular Mechanisms, and Bioavailability Strategies of Chlorogenic Acid in Cardiovascular Diseases Therapy

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), a group of global diseases, are characterized by high morbidity and mortality, imposing a significant burden on clinical practice. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a natural compound composed of caffeic acid and quinic acid, is widely found in and extracted from plants such as Lonicera japonica (honeysuckle), Eucommia ulmoides (hardy rubber tree), tea leaves, and coffee beans. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed towards the pharmacological mechanisms of CGA in the treatment of CVDs. This review comprehensively summarizes the current knowledge on the preparation, metabolic pathways, pharmacological effects, and safety profile of CGA. Furthermore, it systematically analyzes the biological effects and molecular targets of CGA in the cardiovascular therapy and highlights strategies to enhance its bioavailability. These insights aim to provide a scientific basis for future basic research and clinical applications.