Purpose The purpose of this study is to define the key design elements necessary for developing a future smart campus that enhances user experience. By integrating advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and data-driven systems into campus infrastructure, the study aims to explore how these elements can optimize both operational efficiency and user satisfaction. The research focuses on understanding the interrelated factors that contribute to a smart campus environment, with an emphasis on user-centered improvements that address the evolving needs of students, staff and faculty in higher education institutions. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a two-phase qualitative research approach to explore the conceptualization of a smart campus and its impact on user experience. In the first phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with experts in campus architecture, smart technologies and relevant stakeholders. The second phase involved focus groups and ad hoc discussions with campus users to validate and rank key areas identified in the interviews. Data from both phases were analyzed using a coding approach and statistical tests, including the Friedman test and Kendall’s W, to examine the significance of user rankings on smart campus design elements. Findings The study identifies 12 key areas that enhance user experience on a smart campus, with workplace availability and findability, energy efficiency and indoor climate comfort being the highest-ranked by users. Participants emphasized the importance of real-time data systems for space management and sustainability, as well as the need for user-friendly technologies. While advanced technologies like robotics and virtual reality were less prioritized, the study highlights that integrating intuitive systems and continuous feedback mechanisms can significantly improve campus efficiency and user satisfaction. The findings suggest a balance between immediate practical solutions and long-term technological advancements for future smart campuses. Practical implications This study offers valuable insights for university administrators, campus facility managers and policymakers aiming to develop smart campuses. The findings emphasize the importance of a user-centered approach, transparent communication and continuous improvement when integrating smart technologies into campus infrastructure. Originality/value This study offers a unique, user-centered approach to smart campus design by focusing not only on technological integration but also on enhancing user experience through practical, data-driven solutions. It bridges the gap between operational efficiency and user satisfaction, emphasizing the importance of real-time data use and intuitive systems. Unlike previous research, which often concentrates on isolated technologies, this study provides a comprehensive framework for how interconnected design elements can work together to create a responsive and efficient campus environment, making it valuable for universities seeking to implement future-focused, sustainable smart campus solutions.
Elbertsen et al. (2025) studied this question.