The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) is a rich and dynamic repository of traditional wisdom that spans diverse disciplines including agriculture, medicine, environmental ethics, animal conservation, and resource management. Rooted in ancient scriptures such as the Vedas and Upanishads, IKS emphasizes a holistic worldview where knowledge is intertwined with spirituality, ethical living, and sustainable practices. One of its most vital contributions lies in its ecological consciousness. IKS promotes reverence for nature (Prakriti), viewing the five elements—earth, water, fire, air, and space—as sacred and fundamental to life. This deep respect for the environment is evident in cultural traditions, sacred groves, rituals, and sustainable agricultural practices. Environmental conservation, biodiversity protection, and animal welfare are embedded within IKS. Ethnomedicine, practiced by tribal communities like the Oraon, Kani, and Bhil, plays a dual role in healthcare and biodiversity preservation. Similarly, Indian farming traditions rely on eco-friendly practices such as crop rotation, composting, and the use of indigenous seeds, all of which contribute to sustainable agriculture and food security. Moreover, IKS promotes circular economy models and waste minimization strategies that align with contemporary sustainability goals. Sacred natural sites, such as forests and rivers, serve as spiritual and ecological sanctuaries, encouraging community-based conservation. As modern challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss intensify, the wisdom inherent in IKS offers valuable, time-tested insights for building resilient, inclusive, and environmentally conscious societies.
Gongesh Bhattacharjee (2025) studied this question.