Abstract Intricate, self-organized plasma structures observed above the surface of a liquid anode of atmospheric DC glow discharge were found to give rise to coherent, organized surface deformation and mechanical wave formation at the plasma-liquid interface. This new phenomenon indicates that the liquid is closely coupled to the plasma by the anode sheath's electrohydrodynamic (EHD) force. A scientific question then arises: Do surface perturbations, coupled with the nonuniform surface charge distribution, enhance the electric field and induce self-organization? Using the reflective background-oriented schlieren technique, the liquid surface profile under the plasma pattern was measured for the first time. The results show that surface distortions are driven by the repulsive Coulomb force of nonuniform net-negative surface charge acted by the anode sheath field. The impacts of various operating parameters on the patterns and surface waves were examined, revealing the significance of gas heating and liquid charge relaxation time in the pattern formation mechanism. Time-resolved dynamics of a pulsed DC discharge indicated that the surface deformation only appeared after the establishment of plasma patterns. Statistically, the surface wave under the plasma has high wave numbers (8000-16000m^-1) and small amplitudes (<10µm), generally found in the capillary wave regime. Yet the motion of surface deformations is in tandem with the plasma pattern and exhibits a nondispersive nature of constant phase velocity (0. 1-0. 4m/s), suggesting the dominant role of EHD force over the surface tension in the observed surface wave. These findings emphasize the plasma's one-way impact on liquid wave dynamics and reveal that surface deformation does not mutually strengthen the electric field and stimulates a plasma pattern. Importantly, the complex electrohydrodynamic coupling in the plasma-liquid system raises awareness and new challenges for plasma control engineering, and the quantitative characteristics of the nondispersive surface wave are informative for advancing relevant theory and modeling.
Yang et al. (2025) studied this question.