Motivation: Cardiac catheterization depends on fluoroscopy, exposing patients —especially children and those with congenital heart disease —to cumulative radiation. MRI-guided catheterization avoids radiation but is limited by poor catheter visibility and safety concerns. Goal(s): This study evaluates MR-visible catheter technologies to identify viable solutions for enabling safe, effective, and radiation-free cardiac catheterization. Approach: We conducted a focused review of passive and active MR-visible catheter designs, assessing device visibility, tracking precision, RF-induced heating, and procedural feasibility across preclinical and clinical studies. Results: Active tracking catheters demonstrated superior precision and real-time feedback. However, safety and integration challenges remain, requiring hybrid solutions and standardization efforts. Impact: This work identifies the most promising MR-visible catheter technologies and highlights remaining safety and workflow barriers. It will guide future development toward radiation-free cardiac interventions, with direct implications for pediatric and congenital heart disease populations requiring repeated procedures.
Farooq et al. (2025) studied this question.