Electric vehicles (EVs) provide reduced emissions, consume less energy, and have become an eco-friendlier option than fuel-based transportation. In this study, MATLAB/Simulink is used to simulate an electric vehicle (EV) powertrain in different driving scenarios, such as city, highway, and off-road conditions. The performance of main components such as battery, inverter, and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is evaluated by analyzing State of Charge (SoC), current, voltage, motor torque, vehicle speed, and brake torque. The simulation results show precise torque tracking and vehicle speed across all driving profiles, frequent use of regenerative braking in city, steady energy consumption on highway, and high energy demand of the vehicle in off-road conditions. Future work could focus on these results to design optimised EV control systems for improving efficiency and performance in extreme driving conditions.
Sankar et al. (2025) studied this question.