Factors Affecting University Students’ Happiness Over Two Years at Universiti Malaysia Sabah: A Retrospective Observational Study

Introduction Happiness is a key component of subjective well-being, influencing health, academic performance, and life satisfaction. Research on university students’ happiness in East Malaysia remains limited, despite the influence of sociocultural and institutional factors. This study aimed to examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics, institutional experiences, and self-reported happiness among students at Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS). Methods A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from 7,020 undergraduate students collected through the UMS Happiness Index during 2018–2019. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and gender-stratified binary logistic regression were performed to assess associations and predictors of student happiness. Results Chi-square results showed significant associations between overall happiness and gender (χ 2 (1) = 5.562, p = .018), religion (χ 2 (4) = 11.639, p = .020), and field of study (χ 2 (1) = 14.559, p < .001). Logistic regression models were significant for both males (χ 2 (24) = 289.904, p < .001; R 2 = 19.4%) and females (χ 2 (24) = 267.778, p < .001; R 2 = 10.3%). Supportive environment and safety were key predictors for both genders, while recreational activities and staff personalities were significant for male students. Discussion Findings highlight the importance of the institutional environment and cultural factors in shaping student happiness in East Malaysia. Safety, supportive staff, and recreational opportunities emerged as key modifiable determinants of well-being. Conclusion These findings underscore the multidimensional nature of student happiness. The study highlights the importance of culturally responsive interventions and targeted policy reforms, particularly in East Malaysian institutions, to promote holistic student development beyond academic achievement.