Purpose Building information modeling (BIM) has emerged as a transformative tool in the construction industry, enabling efficiency, collaboration and sustainability. While its adoption has been widely recognized in developed countries, there is a notable lack of studies focusing on its implementation in developing countries. This study aims to address this gap by exploring the driving forces DFs behind BIM adoption and implementation in the context of developing countries like Pakistan. Design/methodology/approach The fuzzy delphi methodology FDM, interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and Matriced Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement (MICMAC) analysis were adopted to conduct this study. FDM was employed to filter the most suitable DFs. Subsequently, ISM was used to identify the complex interrelationships among the DFs. Finally, MICMAC analysis was performed to validate the robustness of the DFs by categorizing them into dependent and driving clusters. Findings The study findings underscore that “government support D1,” “technological advancement D2” and “improved project efficiency D4” are the key DFs for BIM implementation in Pakistan’s construction industry. Originality/value No previous studies have used a hybrid approach integrating FDM, ISM and MICMAC to identify the DFs of BIM adoption from the perspective of Pakistan. The significant BIM DFs recognized in this study differ from those reported in earlier studies, offering a valuable contribution to the literature on developing countries.
Muzaffar Iqbal (2025) studied this question.