Abstract The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it explores Zhuangzi’s notions of Qi and the Way through the conceptual lens of Deleuze’s difference and repetition, revealing striking parallels between their ontological worldviews. Second, it highlights the pivotal role of Qi and force within their respective frameworks. Since both philosophies emphasize objectivity, transcending subjectivity to engage with the external world requires encountering an external force – whose often violent effects dismantle subjectivity and enable this engagement. While existing scholarship recognizes common ground between these traditions in rethinking the relationship between self and world, this study advances the discussion by foregrounding Qi and its disruptive effects as essential to this transformative process.
Kanghun Ahn (2025) studied this question.