This paper explores the role of public funding and policies in supporting research, development, and innovation (RD&I) across various national contexts, including both developed and developing countries. The analysis assesses the impacts of such policies on innovation capacity, economic growth, and the generation of positive externalities via integrated innovation systems. Challenges faced by National Innovation Systems (NIS)—such as fragmentation between the public and private sectors and limited technological absorption—are critically examined. The paper presents practical examples highlighting the value of public-private partnerships and long-term strategic agendas to enhance RD&I outcomes. The study concludes that a coordinated approach, integrating academia, government, and industry, is vital for promoting sustainable innovation and global socioeconomic development.
Romero et al. (2025) studied this question.