ABSTRACT Horizontal gene transfer (HGT), a fundamental process long acknowledged in prokaryotic evolution, is increasingly recognized as a pivotal force in shaping the evolutionary trajectories of eukaryotes, including plants. Despite its established significance in prokaryotic adaptation, the role of HGT in eukaryotic evolution is still understudied. HGT plays a pivotal role in the evolution of eukaryotes, giving rise to novel features that allow organisms to exploit new environments and resources with reduced competition. Moreover, the coevolution of interacting organisms in any ecosystem is greatly influenced by HGT. Recent discoveries of HGT events among eukaryotic species such as gene transfers from fungi to plants and from plants to whiteflies highlight the importance of understanding this phenomenon in the context of plant biology. In this review, we provide an update of recent findings related to plant and associated organisms like microorganisms, insects, and critically discuss the profound implications of HGT for plant evolution and adaptation, probing into potential underlying mechanisms, highlighting the knowledge gap and discussing their implications. In particular, we explore the potential applications of the new knowledge of HGT in plant biotechnology, illuminating its pivotal role in shaping the future landscape of bioengineering.
Azad et al. (2025) studied this question.