This research examines the impact of demographic shift and broader economic factors on labor efficiency in 23 European Union countries (EU-23) from 2005 to 2022. The analysis employs dynamic panel techniques, including Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), Random Effects (RE), and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) models, to investigate the influences of population aging, unemployment, inflation, GDP per capita, research and development (Rs productivity growth relies on macroeconomic stability, innovation, the accumulation of human capital, and demographic adaptation.
BELET et al. (2025) studied this question.