The quick spread of information in the digital era can be both a benefit and a drawback. The production of misinformation and disinformation has become apparent as a significant societal confrontation facilitated by the interconnected world of the internet and social media. Misinformation, often unintentional, spreads due to errors or misunderstandings, while disinformation, driven by deceitful intent, aims to manipulate or deceive. The propagation of false information is fuelled by the dynamics of the digital landscape. The internet community and digital platforms, in particular, have developed into conduits of swift outspread of both misinformation and disinformation. These platforms offer an unparalleled level of connectivity and engagement, making it easier for misleading content to reach a vast audience quickly. The virality of such content is heightened by its ability to evoke strong emotions, playing on fear, anger, or excitement, which drive users to share and engage. Mutual admiration societies, wherein communities interact and shore up their beliefs, have further perpetuated the spread of deceiving information, hindering efforts to discern fact from fiction. Additionally, polarized societies can exacerbate the issue, with individuals being more receptive to information that aligns with their existing viewpoint. This paper delves into the main key aspects of the propagation of misinformation and disinformation.
Bharti et al. (2025) studied this question.