Vaccines are among the most effective public health interventions, significantly reducing morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases. Despite their proven efficacy, vaccine hesitancy has emerged as a pressing global challenge. This review examines the drivers, barriers, and interventions associated with vaccine hesitancy and uptake, focusing on childhood vaccinations and the role of parents as primary decision-makers. Misinformation, safety concerns, and political decisions have contributed to declining vaccination rates, posing threats to public health. The article proposes targeted programs and policies to rebuild vaccine confidence, emphasizing the role of trusted messengers, health literacy, and structural reforms to reduce barriers. Recommendations highlight the importance of accurate information, open communication, and advocacy for school vaccine mandates. The conclusion stresses the urgent need to implement robust policies and community-based initiatives to ensure widespread immunization and safeguard population health.
Brumbaugh et al. (2025) studied this question.