A rule-based chatbot is a type of chatbot that responds by matching users’ queries with pre-defined rules. In e-learning, chatbots can enhance the learning experience by assisting teachers in delivering learning materials pleasantly. This research introduces Moalemy, an Arabic rule-based chatbot designed to provide a personalized learning experience by tailoring educational content to each learner’s prior knowledge. This empirical study evaluates learning outcomes, user engagement, and system usability using both subjective and objective metrics. It compares the effectiveness of a proposed Arabic rule-based chatbot with adaptive personalization to that of a static, non-personalized chatbot. The comparison was conducted across three levels of task difficulty (easy, medium, and hard) using a 2 × 3 within-subject experimental design with 34 participants. Descriptive statistics revealed higher mean values of usability and engagement in the adaptive method. Although the analysis revealed no significant variations in learning outcomes and SUS scores, it showed statistically significant differences in user satisfaction in favor of the adaptive method, p = 0.003. Analyses showed no significant differences between the two learning methods in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, and engagement. Across difficulty levels, the adaptive method outperforms the static method in terms of efficiency and effectiveness at the medium level, and in engagement at the easy level.
Al et al. (2025) studied this question.