Making 2D Materials Sparkle in Energy Storage via Assembly

ConspectusTwo-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene and MXenes offer appealing opportunities in electrochemical energy storage due to their large surface area, tunable surface chemistry, and unique electronic properties. One of the primary challenges in utilizing these materials for practical electrodes, especially those with industrial-level thickness, is developing a highly interconnected and porous conductive network. This network is crucial for supporting continuous electron transport, rapid ion diffusion, and effective participation of all active materials in electrochemical reactions. Moreover, the demand for efficient energy storage in advanced electronic devices and electric vehicles has led to the need for not only thicker but also denser electrodes to achieve compact energy storage. Traditional densification methods often compromise between volumetric capacitance and ion-accessible surface area, which can diminish rate performance. As versatile building blocks, 2D materials can overcome these limitations through the assembly into complex superstructures such as 1D fibers, 2D thin films, and 3D porous networks, a capability less attainable by other nanomaterials.This Account explores the pathways from exfoliated 2D nanosheets to densely packed, yet porous assemblies tailored for compact energy storage. Focusing on graphene and MXenes, we delve into the intricate relationships between surface structure, assembly behaviors, and electrochemical performance. We emphasize the crucial role of surface chemistry and interfacial interactions in forming stable colloidal dispersions and subsequent macroscopic structures. Furthermore, we highlight how solvents, acting as spacers, are instrumental in microstructure formation and how capillary force-driven densification is essential for creating compact assemblies. With precise control over shrinkage, the customized dense assemblies can strike a balance between high packing density and sufficient porosity, ensuring efficient ion transport, mechanical stability, and high volumetric performance across various electrochemical energy storage technologies.Furthermore, we highlight the importance of understanding and manipulating the surface chemistry of 2D materials at the atomic level to optimize their assembly and enhance electrochemical behaviors. Advanced in situ characterizations with high temporal and spatial resolution are necessary to gain deeper insights into the complex assembly process. Moreover, the integration of machine learning and computational chemistry emerges as a promising method to predict and design new materials and assembly strategies, potentially accelerating the development of next-generation energy storage systems. Our insights into the assembly and densification of 2D materials provide a comprehensive foundation for future research and practical applications in compact, high-performance energy storage devices. This exploration sets the stage for a transformative approach to overcoming the challenges of current energy storage technologies, promising significant advancements in 2D materials in the field.