On localizing groups of exotic diffeomorphisms of 4-manifolds

Ruberman in the 90's showed that the group of exotic diffeomorphisms of closed 4-manifolds can be infinitely generated. We provide various results on the question of when such infinite generation can localize to a smaller embedded submanifold of the original manifold. Our results include: (1) All known infinitely generated groups of exotic diffeomorphisms of 4-manifolds detected by families Seiberg-Witten theory do not localize to any topologically (locally-flatly) embedded rational homology balls in the ambient 4-manifold. (2) Many exotic diffeomorphisms cannot be obtained as Dehn twists along homology spheres (under mild assumptions). (3) There is no contractible 4-manifolds with Seifert fibered boundary that have a universal property for exotic diffeomorphisms analogous to a universal cork. In addition, there is no universal compact 4-manifold W such that the set of exotic diffeomorphisms of a 4-manifold can localize to an embedding of W. (4) Certain infinite generations of exotic diffeomorphism groups do localize to a non-compact subset V with a small Betti number, but not to any compact subset of V. (5) An analogous result holds for mapping class groups of 4-manifolds.