3D Printed Multifunctional Biomimetic Bone Scaffold Combined with TP‐Mg Nanoparticles for the Infectious Bone Defects Repair

Abstract Infected bone defects are one of the most challenging problems in the treatment of bone defects due to the high antibiotic failure rate and the lack of ideal bone grafts. In this paper, inspired by clinical bone cement filling treatment, α ‐c phosphate ( α ‐TCP) with self‐curing properties is composited with β ‐tricalcium phosphate ( β ‐TCP) and constructed a bionic cancellous bone scaffolding system α/β‐tricalcium phosphate ( α / β ‐TCP) by low‐temperature 3D printing, and gelatin is preserved inside the scaffolds as an organic phase, and later loaded with a metal–polyphenol network structure of tea polyphenol‐magnesium (TP‐Mg) nanoparticles. The scaffolds mimic the structure and components of cancellous bone with high mechanical strength (>100 MPa) based on α ‐TCP self‐curing properties through low‐temperature 3D printing. Meanwhile, the scaffolds loaded with TP‐Mg exhibit significant inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus ( S.aureus ) and promote the transition of macrophages from M1 pro‐inflammatory to M2 anti‐inflammatory phenotype. In addition, the composite scaffold also exhibits excellent bone‐enhancing effects based on the synergistic effect of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ . In this study, a multifunctional ceramic scaffold ( α / β ‐TCP@TP‐Mg) that integrates anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, and osteoinduction is constructed, which promotes late bone regenerative healing while modulating the early microenvironment of infected bone defects, has a promising application in the treatment of infected bone defects.