Equivalent circuit modeling of electron-hole recombination in semiconductor and mixed ionic-electronic conductor based devices

The understanding and optimization of solar energy conversion and light emitting devices can greatly benefit from equivalent circuit models describing their response. However, a general model of electron-hole recombination in semiconductors is currently missing. This study presents equivalent circuit models of radiative and non-radiative electron-hole recombination based on their linearized analytical treatment. These are integrated in a circuit model of complete devices that is equivalent to the linearized drift-diffusion equations in one dimension. The analysis shows that, for most situations involving semiconductors without mobile ions, approximated models that do not account for local electrostatics are sufficient to describe non-radiative recombination. The influence of local electrostatics becomes essential in mixed conducting devices, and it should be included explicitly in equivalent circuit models. Recombination resistors used for traditional semiconductors are indeed a special case of the general model, for which transistors implement a more accurate representation. For mixed conducting devices, such as hybrid metal-halide perovskite solar cells, appropriate simplifications of the complete model provide analytical solutions describing the bulk and interfacial polarization effects that influence local electrostatics, recombination currents and overall impedance. The resulting analysis is relevant for a wide range of materials and devices used for solar energy conversion as well as other optoelectronic and photo-electrochemical applications.