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Abstract Liquid surfaces can be depressed by applying acoustic radiation force. The balance between the acoustic radiation force, surface tension force, and buoyant force sustains the stable dimple depression. Beyond a certain threshold, higher acoustic radiation force leads to instability and bubble formation. The bubble size is determined by the acoustic radiation force and the liquid surface tension. Effective management of bubble generation can be achieved by controlling acoustic radiation waves. A novel method for creating depression on liquid surfaces and generating bubbles is described, which requires neither gas supply nor direct contact with equipment.
Fang et al. (2024) studied this question.