History of Kazakh, Chinese and Russian Relations (XVIII-XIX centuries)

Relevance. This article delves into the intricate historical relations between Kazakh tribes, the Russian Empire, and China during the XVIII-XIX centuries, shedding light on diplomatic, trade, and social dynamics pivotal to understanding contemporary geopolitics in the region. Purpose. The purpose of this article is to analyze the multifaceted relationships between the Kazakh tribes, the Russian Empire, and China during the XVIII-XIX centuries. Methodology. This research employs a historical analytical approach, utilizing both theoretical and methodological literature to construct a detailed narrative of the period of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Archival data and primary sources are systematically analyzed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the findings. Results. This research article examines the history of the Kazakh tribes' contacts with the Russian Empire and China in the first half of the XVIII-XIX centuries, encompassing diplomatic, trade, and social development, among other things. For this purpose, the article considers this period as an object of study and analyzes it based on the theoretical and methodological literature, the scientific circulation of archival data, the chronological order of events in a scientific manner. In addition, the research examines the Tsarist Russian Empire's military-administrative actions in the Kazakh steppes from the middle of the XIX century, as well as the deliberate operations of prominent Kazakh sultans such as Ablai. This article describes the Qin Empire's interaction with prominent Kazakh sultans and other powerful persons in order to capture the eastern half of Kazakhstan and the Altai Territory, as well as its ambitions. Conclusions. The article identifies the importance of the participation of local Kazakhs in the above-mentioned region in foreign trade between Russia and China on a regular basis, its economic efficiency and importance. Therefore, it very important to study such important topics through theoretical and methodological justification and publish it as a scientific article in international publications. Keywords: international relations; historical research; historical essay; archival research; diplomacy