PANDAS: Twenty-Five Years Later

Background: It has been 25 years since the definition of the concept of Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcal Infections (PANDAS). The abrupt onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms requires a comprehensive differential diagnosis involving complementary tests and optimal treatment selection. Methods: This paper describes aspects related to the diagnosis and clinical management of PANDAS. A clinical perspective is developed starting from an example that meets the Swedo's criteria. Discussion: A comprehensive approach, including interdisciplinary management and urgent evaluation of potential organic causes, is crucial for effective treatment. Treatment decisions should consider severity, symptoms, and available evidence. Collaboration with neuropediatric or neurological services is needed. ASLO/anti-DNase B and 25-OH-Vitamin D tests are valuable for atypical OCD/Tic presentations, always maintaining a broader organic screening.