Political violence in Nigeria has intensified over the past two decades, significantly affecting governance, security, and human development. This article systematically analyzes the complex dynamics and sociopolitical drivers of political violence in Nigeria, drawing on longitudinal conflict data sets (ACLED, Nigeria Watch, UCDP), qualitative field insights, and a structured review of scholarly and policy literature. The study identifies recurring patterns of state fragility, elite manipulation, ethno-religious tensions, and institutional weaknesses as critical enablers of violence. Utilizing the conflict theory, it examines how structural inequalities and power struggles underpin Nigeria’s violent political landscape. The findings reveal persistent limitations of early warning and response systems, inadequate legal and institutional safeguards, and the gendered dimensions of insecurity across the country’s six geopolitical zones. The article underscores the need to move beyond reactive security measures toward preventive, inclusive, and context-sensitive approaches, offering a coherent framework and evidence-based recommendations for governance reform, peacebuilding, and strengthening democratic resilience.
Okonkwo et al. (2025) studied this question.