The Concept of Cybertort and Liability in International Law

The digitalization of social relations not only simplifies life, but also creates the ground for an increase in the number of offences in cyberspace, including those involving subjects of international law. Victimized countries often resort to the use of disproportionate measures against offending States using traditional instruments of international law. In addition, the lack of optimal means of responding to low-intensity cyber-interference is ineffective. Having considered the main mechanisms and complexities faced by international law when states inflict harm through digital technologies, the authors propose a private law concept of cybertort, the use of which, on the one hand, makes it possible to eliminate the consequences of ex post violations and, on the other hand, does not lead to an escalation of the existing conflict. In describing the problems of interstate interaction, the auxiliary nature of the use of private legal tools is emphasized. Using both systemic and comparativist methods of research, the authors reveal the essence and legal consequences of the variable qualification of an act as an offense (state responsibility) or an act not prohibited by international law (state liability), as well as substantiate the need to apply a flexible system of legal regulation to the law of causing harm on the Internet. Using the critical method, the shortcomings of the modern doctrine of international law in the considered context are revealed. Using the deductive method, with reference to Russian and foreign doctrinal sources, legal acts, as well as judicial practice, an optimal regime of liability for an offence in the digital environment is proposed, which creates appropriate incentives to improve the methods of cyber-interference.