Legitimacy in non-profit organisations is inherently fragile, continuously challenged by internal vulnerabilities and external pressures. This article identifies five principal threats to NGO legitimacy: scandals and mission drift, perceptions of foreign influence, professionalisation and corporatisation, digital disinformation, and weak grassroots connections. Scandals and governance failures erode public trust, while foreign funding dependencies expose NGOs to politicised accusations of interference. Increasing professionalisation, though enhancing efficiency, can alienate communities and foster elitism. Simultaneously, digital disinformation campaigns amplify reputational risks and deepen mistrust. Finally, structural critiques highlight persistent disconnection between NGOs and their grassroots constituencies, leading to weakened representational legitimacy. The article argues that sustaining legitimacy demands proactive governance, ethical integrity, participatory engagement, diversified funding, and digital resilience. By integrating political, cultural, and organisational perspectives, it provides scholars with an analytical framework for understanding legitimacy threats and offers practitioners practical strategies for preserving trust and credibility in volatile environments.
Anna Neya Kazanskaia (2025) studied this question.