The Karnaphuli River, Patenga sea beach area, and Sandwip Island are parts of Southeastern region of Bangladesh characterized by a high density of industrial establishments, extensive agricultural activities, and poor management, along with intensive and unregulated tourism, which significantly pose a possible danger of pollution in the aquatic environment from heavy metals. Accordingly, eight fish samples were obtained from four distinct sites within these regions to assess the concentration of heavy metals and evaluate the probable health risks of swallowing them. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) was employed to determine the concentration of lead, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, mercury, and copper in the edible muscle tissues of the most commonly consumed species, and the average concentration levels followed the descending order: Cr > Pb > As > Cu > Cd. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis identified possible pollutants (natural and anthropogenic) and significant positive and negative connections between harmful metal concentrations in fish species. The metal pollution index (MPI) was lower than 1, and the estimated daily intake (EDI) was more than the tolerable daily intake in some species for children for Pb species for health risk assessment. Target hazard quotient (THQ) > 1 for children in every fish species for As and in most species for Cr also while total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) > 1 in every sample for children, and showed children have approximately 4.5 times more health risk. Children's cancer risk (CR) for Cr and As metal was level VII, while adults' was medium to high, advising against consuming such fish species.
Riad et al. (2025) studied this question.