ABSTRACT: Nanoparticles have been established as a transformative material with exceptional physicochemical features. The extremely small size and their ability to surface modifications have facilitated their utilization in an extensive array of applications. Nanoparticles can be classified based on their compositions which include inorganic, organic, and carbon-based variants. Inorganic nanoparticles can be further categorized into metal-based, metal oxide-based, and doped metal-based. The organic nanoparticles comprise liposomes and micelles that are well recognized and extensively explored for their biocompatibility and targeted drug delivery potential. Carbon-based nanostructures such as graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and nanofibers are discussed for their diverse functionalities and wider applications in various fields. The utilization of nanoparticles has revolutionized many sectors with their wide-range applications, and their pivotal role in drug delivery and biomedicine has left a remarkable impression. In the food industry, nanoparticles are utilized for improved packaging, preservation, and nutrient delivery. Their applications in environmental remediation include pollutant degradation and water purification. Additionally, they are incorporated into mechanical industries and construction materials to impart strength and durability. The cosmetic and sunscreen industries exploit nanoparticles for enhanced skin absorption and UV protection, while their integration into electronics and data storage systems supports the development of faster, smaller, and high-efficiency devices. Overall, this review provides an integrative perspective on the diverse classifications and multifaceted role of nanoparticles.
Yahya et al. (2025) studied this question.