This paper describes an electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft system identification method applied using three-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) free-motion wind-tunnel testing. The approach, similar to flight-test system identification, allows for efficient mathematical model development of the aeropropulsive moments applied on an eVTOL vehicle, including aerodynamic damping effects. The approach is demonstrated using a subscale tiltrotor eVTOL aircraft mounted on a new 3DOF wind-tunnel apparatus. To execute the test, a model-based 3DOF control system is designed to track attitude commands and transition the aircraft based on the freestream dynamic pressure. While the flight controller is active, orthogonal phase-optimized multisine inputs are injected into the attitude command and control effector command signals to enable collection of informative data for model identification. Aeropropulsive models are then identified at several reference conditions in the transition flight envelope using the equation-error method in the frequency domain. The identified models are shown to have a good fit to the modeling data and good prediction capability of data not used for model identification. The method yields aerodynamic damping estimates using less wind-tunnel test time compared to traditional forced oscillation experiments and supplements static wind-tunnel testing to produce a comprehensive transition aeropropulsive model suitable for use in flight dynamics simulations.
Simmons et al. (2025) studied this question.