Classification and biogeography of the weevil subfamily Entiminae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) based on a comprehensive dated phylogeny

Abstract The phylogeny of ‘broad-nosed weevils’ is explored with a data set of mitochondrial genomes of 130 species, representing 32 tribes. Phylogenetic analyses recovered a subdivision of Entiminae Schoenherr, 1823 into a ‘northern clade’ of mostly Palaearctic, Indomalayan, and African taxa and a ‘southern clade’ of Australian, Oceanian, and South American groups. Biogeographical reconstructions infer the origin of Entiminae in the Late Cretaceous in the Holarctic and a range expansion of the ‘southern clade’ from North America to South America. A group of genera with a ‘leptopiine’ type of rostrum are polyphyletic and subdivided based on zoogeographical regions: the Palaearctic and Nearctic genera remain in Byrsopagini Lacordaire, 1863; the Neotropical genera are placed in Strangaliodini Lacordaire, 1863; and the Indoaustralian genera are placed in Pantopoeini Lacordaire, 1863 (stat. nov.), which are given priority over Prypnini Lacordaire, 1863; the following names are junior synonyms of Pantopoeini: Elytrurini Marshall, 1956, syn. nov., Eupholini Günther, 1943, syn. nov, Leptopiini Oke, 1951, syn. nov., and Polycatini Marshall, 1956, syn. nov. Isopterina Morimoto & Kojima, 2001 is excluded from Celeuthetini Lacordaire, 1863 and promoted as tribe Isopterini (stat. nov.). The Sitoninae Gistel, 1848 (stat. nov.) are elevated to subfamily rank. Rhyncholobus Gahan, 1900 is transferred to Episomini Lacordaire, 1863. The Celeuthetini are sister group of Pachyrhynchini Schoenherr, 1826.