The development of sensitive, precise, and environmentally acceptable analytical techniques for the identification of heavy metals in water has become necessary due to the growing concern over environmental pollution by these metals, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As). Conventional analytical methods frequently use energy-intensive processes, hazardous chemicals, and large solvent usage, all of which run counter to the ideas of green chemistry. The development and validation of green analytical techniques for the detection of trace heavy metals in water samples using plant-based extractants, biodegradable solvents, and energy-efficient technologies such portable electrochemical sensors and green spectrophotometry are the main goals of this project. After analyzing a number of water samples gathered from various sources, the developed techniques were assessed for sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and eco-sustainability. The findings showed that while having less of an adverse effect on the environment, green approaches were just as sensitive as traditional methods. This study offers a viable framework for upcoming analytical procedures and demonstrates the viability of incorporating green chemistry concepts into environmental monitoring.
Kumar et al. (2025) studied this question.