This paper examines the complex intersections between geopolitics and climate change, focusing on how global power relations shape the pursuit of climate justice. As climate change exacerbates environmental, social, and economic vulnerabilities, it also reconfigures international power dynamics, influencing cooperation and conflict among states. The two largest emitters and economic powers, the United States and China, play particularly pivotal roles that embody the tensions and rivalries impacting climate diplomacy. Using World-Systems Theory and Climate Justice Theory as the theoretical framework, the study adopts a qualitative and analytical methodology to explore how geopolitical competition and asymmetric power relations affect climate governance. Findings reveal that geopolitical rivalries can both hinder multilateral climate efforts and stimulate competitive climate policies at national and regional levels, revealing an intricate balance between cooperation and competition. The study highlights the disproportionate burdens faced by marginalized and low-income countries in climate negotiations, underscoring the need for justice-oriented frameworks that address historical emissions and present vulnerabilities. Policy implications emphasize strengthening inclusive global governance mechanisms and fostering equitable climate finance to support vulnerable communities. The study concludes with recommendations aimed at aligning geopolitical interests with climate justice goals to enhance global climate action effectiveness.
Maureen Orkuma (2025) studied this question.