Understanding ‘Dharma’ as Duty in Different Indian Systems: A Brief Note

This essay examines the idea of "Dharma" as obligation in several Indian philosophical traditions, highlighting its significance in discussions of morality and ethics. Indian philosophy has a long history of incorporating values into theoretical and practical knowledge, with duty (dharma) acting as a key tenet that directs both individual and collective behavior. Using literature from the Vedas, Upanishads, Dharmaśāstras, and other philosophical systems, the study looks at how dharma includes both qualities and mandated deeds. The classifications put out by Manu, Ᾱpastamba, Gautama, and Praśastapāda are examined, along with the difference between universal responsibilities (sādhāraṇa dharma) and specific duties (varṇāśrama dharma). The ethical and deontological viewpoints in Mīmāṃsā philosophy are also highlighted in the study. The study contends that Hindu ethics establishes the groundwork for universal human values by acknowledging shared responsibilities that apply to every member of society, even as it emphasizes self-purification and individual liberty.