ABSTRACT Introduction This study examined the associations between individual‐ and group‐level relational mobility and the Big Five personality traits, along with demographic variables and macro‐level variables, targeting 5048 people in all 47 Japanese prefectural capitals. Methods The study controlled for macro‐level variables such as total population, population change rate, population density per 1 km 2 of habitable area, number of incoming residents, and number of outgoing residents in each prefectural capital, which previous studies have not examined. Results Multilevel regression analysis revealed that extraversion was positively associated with both individual‐ and group‐level relational mobility. Conclusion The present study showed that specific features of the social environment (relational mobility) are positively associated with specific aspects of Big Five personality traits.
Ito et al. (2025) studied this question.