Across the Baltic Sea region, areas situated in climate-sensitive water zones are increasingly exposed to environmental and socio-economic challenges. Gdańsk, Poland, is a prominent example where the rising threat of climate-related hazards, particularly connected with flooding, coincides with growing demand for resilient and adaptive housing solutions. Located in the Vistula Delta, the city’s vulnerability is heightened by its low-lying terrain, polder-based land systems, and extensive waterfronts. These geographic conditions underscore the urgent need for flexible, climate-responsive design strategies that support long-term adaptation while safeguarding the urban fabric and the well-being of local communities. This study provides evidence-based guidance for adaptive housing solutions tailored to Gdańsk’s waterfronts. It draws on successful architectural and urban interventions across the Baltic Sea region, selected for their environmental, social, and cultural relevance, to inform development approaches that strengthen resilience and social cohesion. To achieve this, an exploratory case study methodology was employed, supported by desk research and qualitative content analysis of strategic planning documents, academic literature, and project reports. A structured five-step framework, comprising project identification, document selection, qualitative assessment, data extraction, and analysis, was applied to examine three adaptive housing projects: Hammarby Sjöstad (Stockholm), Kalasataman Huvilat (Helsinki), and Urban Rigger (Copenhagen). Findings indicate measurable differences across nine sustainability indicators (1–5 scale): Hammarby Sjöstad excels in environmental integration (5/5 in carbon reduction and renewable energy), Kalasataman Huvilat demonstrates strong modular and human-scaled adaptability (3–5/5 across social and housing flexibility), and Urban Rigger leads in climate adaptability and material efficiency (4–5/5). Key adaptive measures include flexible spatial design, integrated environmental management, and community engagement. The study concludes with practical recommendations for local planning guidelines. The guidelines developed through the Gdańsk case study show strong potential for broader application in cities facing similar challenges. Although rooted in Gdańsk’s specific conditions, the model’s principles are transferable and adaptable, making the framework relevant to water sensitivity, flexible housing, and inclusive, resilient urban strategies. It offers transversal value to both urban scholars and practitioners in planning, policy, and community development.
Kalfouni et al. (2025) studied this question.