Abstract In the present study, we developed a novel self-report measurement method for the rubber hand illusion (RHI) strength based on inverse multidimensional scaling (MDS). In the preregistered study consisting of two experiments, participants experienced the RHI in synchronous and asynchronous conditions (Experiment 1) as well as the RHI and the arm immobilization imaginative suggestion (Experiment 2). In each condition, participants repeatedly arranged items related to distinct bodily-related experiences (including RHI or suggestion) in accordance with the perceived similarity between them. Proximity data obtained from the arrangements were represented as distances in the multidimensional bodily space. To measure RHI strength, we focused on distances between items representing experimental conditions and two baseline items representing cases of no ownership over an external object and normal bodily feelings. We found that the distance between the rubber hand and an external object was significantly larger in the synchronous than the asynchronous condition, and larger than the distance between the immobilized arm and the normal body, demonstrating stronger shifts in ownership for synchronous RHI. In general, the RHI was associated with moderate ownership and low perceived stimulation, and it clustered with experiences related to a high degree of ownership. MDS-based solutions for the bodily space were consistent within participants and across different experimental conditions. We believe that this method can complement traditional questionnaire-based measurement, offering additional opportunities for a comprehensive self-assessment of RHI strength.
Litwin et al. (2025) studied this question.