Abstract The exceptional stability, low resistance, high conductivity, and intense interaction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) make their unique optical and electronic properties ideal for biosensor development. This review explores the rapidly expanding field of AuNPs and their crucial role in biosensing, a research area that has seen over 10,949 publications between 2019 and 2024. We discuss how AuNPs are utilized across various detection methods, including electrochemical, piezoelectrical, and optical-based biosensors, focusing on their application in detecting COVID-19. This includes an in-depth look at techniques such as localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR), colorimetry, fluorescence, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which provide a fundamental understanding of biosensor principles and classification. A primary focus is placed on using AuNPs in medical diagnostics, highlighting recent advancements in AuNP-based biosensors for disease detection, particularly COVID-19. This study concludes that AuNP based nanomaterials are highly suitable for biosensing technologies. The insights from this review will significantly contribute to the advancement of biosensing technology in addressing future pandemics.
Naik et al. (2026) studied this question.