Abstract This article introduces an extensive directional relaying algorithm designed for series-compensated transmission lines. The proposed algorithm relies on observing the locus of the calculated impedance of the change of the positive-sequence circuit. Both the voltage and current signals in positive sequence circuit are observed to acquire the impedance perceived by the relay. The fault direction is identified by the quadrant in which the locus of the obtained impedance settles. The proposed algorithm is distinguished by its high performance under varying prefault power factor and active power flow direction. It is tested for a range of fault types, varying fault resistance values, diverse fault locations, and different compensation ratios. All tests have been conducted while considering the nonlinear behaviour of the shunt metal oxide varistor (MOV) with the series-compensation capacitor. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is validated with a T-connected multi-terminal Egyptian transmission system. It is extensively tested and compared with other relevant schemes in the literature.
Elsadd et al. (2026) studied this question.